Neuropathology is the branch of neurology that studies diseases of the nervous system and their links with the entire physiology of the organism, including diseases of the nervous system and its reflexes. Neurological pathologies have high economic and social costs.

Dementia is a syndrome that progresses with progressive and global memory decline associated with a deficit of functions with an intensity that brings important limitations in the individual's daily social or occupational performance.

The number of new annual cases of dementia makes this syndrome more expensive than cancer and heart disease combined. The prevalence of dementia is increasing at an alarming rate as the world population in general is aging, and by 2050 it is estimated that 131 million people will have dementia.

In view of the importance of studying neurological pathologies, especially dementias, the present study carried out a literature review on the main dementias, bringing data related to their pathogenesis, occurrence and molecular characterization.

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